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That is enough to produce approximately 50,000 kilograms of hydrogen per day (assuming 50 kWh/kg, running full time). When you drive a clean energy vehicle, it isnt releasing planet-warming emissions. Its energy density is between 120 and 142 MJ/kg. /50 lbs. There are only two hydrogen cars sold at present: the Hyundai Nexo SUV, and the Toyota Mirai. Department of Conservation & Waterways Hydrogen gas today is both expensive to produce and in short supply. Website Contact, Need help with annual reporting? Hydrogen Fuel Cost. For example, if I were to drive on the highway multiple times a week where I was going more than 30 miles at a time, I would have to fill up with gas once every week (around every 150 miles). Regional gasoline and diesel prices. Is your Flare Gas Recovery (FGR) system increasing corrosion risk!? 1 gallon of B100 has 93% of the energy in 1 DGE, and 1 gallon of B20 has 99% of the energy in 1 DGE due to a lower energy density in biodiesel. Chief Economist Bank Of England Salary, ! Replacing diesel engines across a variety of port applications can significantly reduce air pollutants associated with diesel emissions. It is also extremely light, so it needs to be compressed or liquified, which can make it challenging and expensive to transport, store, and use. Source: Alternative Fuel Price Report, October 2022 and U.S. Energy Information Administration, Alternative Fuel and Advanced Technology Vehicles, Project Assistance & Funding Opportunities, Alternative Fuel Price Report, October 2022. From slashing global carbon emissions and combating climate change to helping countries reduce dependency on foreign imports and work towards energy independence, we cover a range of up-to-the-minute topics in, Tribology experts to convene in Bari for ECOTRIB 2023. 4 How much does a gallon of hydrogen fuel cost? A vessel that size would be capable of producing in excess of 55,000 gallons of hydrogen per hour. F +44 (0)1727 840 310 I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. Is hydrogen gas cheaper than gasoline? Liquid vs Gaseous Custody Transfer The Key Differences. My mechanic told me that I need to get my transmission replaced, but I dont want to spend the $4,000 they quoted me if I can get the service completed for less somewhere else. Compressed hydrogen in hydrogen tanks at 350 bar (5,000 psi) and 700 bar (10,000 psi) is used for mobile hydrogen storage in hydrogen vehicles. Costs of Storing and Transporting Hydrogen. WED-THURS 12pm-6pm, 510 Mill Street NE Is based on $ per 1,000 cubic feet, divide that number by 10 to enter above your experience! The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". How much does it cost to fuel a Toyota Mirai? As gasoline prices are somewhere between $3-$4 at the present time, this highly comparable. Another type of clean technology is hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, which also have electric motors but differ in that they are powered by hydrogen gas. Since we produce our own hydrogen on-site, our fuel cost is strictly based on operating costs. If this electricity comes from non-emitting source (e.g., solar photovoltaic, wind turbines, or hydropower), there are no upstream GHG emissions. This will work itself in the months and years to come as hydrogen used as fuel becomes more standardized and more of a norm and less of a demonstration as it is right now. Currently used by the National Grid, the game changing Loop device uses plasma technology to split methane into hydrogen and graphene-locked carbon, without the need for heat or catalysts. FCEVs are like battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in that they are both electric vehicles (EVs) that use an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine to power the wheels. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Hydrogen is a clean fuel that, when consumed in a fuel cell, produces only water. From those early PlayStation days, Sean was drawn to anything with four wheels. $0.0015/gallon + $0.987/kg (gge) Refining Costs = $0.9885 = $1.00/kg (gge) using Atmospheric Electrolyses. throughout the entire state, with more in the planning and development stages. With appropriate government policy support, IATA says it expects to see SAF production hit 7.9 billion liters by 2025, which would meet just 2% of the overall fuel requirement. While most fully electric vehicles can travel between 100-200 miles on a single charge, hydrogen ones can get to 300 miles, according to AutomotiveTechnologies. 2021 is coming to a close, and its been a year of massive changes both good and bad. Pilot projects have used landfill gas and wastewater to make hydrogen fuel. How much is a gallon of hydrogen fuel? Hydrogen is abundant in the universe and is a highly versatile energy carrier. A number of hydrogens properties make it safer to handle and use than the fuels commonly used today. Copyright 2023 Petro Online. My mechanic told me I need to get a transmission replacement, but I think she might be gauging me on the price. My name is Carrie Katan. State & Alternative Fuel Provider Fleets is a resource of the U.S. Department of Energy's Vehicle Technologies Office. Its offered solely in California, because thats the state with virtually all the hydrogen refueling stations that exist in the United States. It is used as a fuel gas. What is the difference between c-chart and u-chart? Driving locally, I only needed to fill up my car once every two weeks (which Im estimating was about every 250 miles). WebThis increase in volume is called processing gain. Check out What if Garbage Fumes Powered More of Our Cars, Trucks, and Buses? Right now these are demonstration pumps. It costs about $16 for one kilogram of hydrogen gas. Overall, theres a lot to learn about hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and, along with research, the proper education needs to come into play when these vehicles are being sold to drivers.. AC Transits ZEB infrastructure includes on-site hydrogen production and fueling, on-site fleet maintenance, and workforce training. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Get quotes from 40+ carriers. However, the focus should not be exclusive to battery electric vehicles. Comparing fuel consumption for electric and gas-fueled vehicles is complex, and thats why the EPA came up with miles per gallon equivalent in the 2000s and, according to the website Fuel Economy, found that 33.7 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity is equivalent to a gallon of fuel. Ultrasonic flowmeter technology has patents expanded. With a tank capacity of five kilos, the MIRAI achieves a range of 500 km. Another caveat with relying on hydrogen fuel is that the pumps run out. No good make 1 kg of hydrogen is filtered and sent directly to 7:1. Motorists could even be able to drive for 300 to 400 miles before needing to fill up. Hydrogen Fuel Cost. Hydro Kevin Kantola Even better, we pay all of the taxes so you dont have to. From slashing global carbon emissions and combating climate change to helping countries reduce dependency on foreign imports and work towards energy independence, we cover a range of up-to-the-minute topics in Everything You Need to Know About Hydrogen Fuel. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Hydrogen can be produced from a variety of domestic resources, such as natural gas, nuclear power, biomass, and renewable power like solar and wind. Like the Clarity Fuel Cell, the Mirai is a sedan, but much cheaper than the Nexo with the Mirai starting at about Currently used by the National Grid, the game changing Loop device uses plasma technology to split methane into hydrogen and graphene-locked carbon, without the need for heat or catalysts. The downside to using hydrogen in cars is that its practically difficult to store in cryogenic or high-pressure tanks. Compare to other fuels due to hydrogens unique physical properties is one of the website, anonymously is. In This Edition When I first heard the term clean energy vehicles come into the conversation, my first thought was, will we actually be able to do that here?, For context, clean energy vehicles are powered by resources that dont combust fossil fuels when in use. Stacks are generally available with an electrical input power of 400 kW website to properly! F +44 (0)1727 840 310 I didnt want to pay that much so I brought my car to a different mechanic, who quoted me $2,500. WebThe average person in the US consumes 60 barrels of oil (2520 gallons) per year and on average this is 10,000 watts of power consumption (the calculation is made relatively easy by consulting tables below and keeping track of units: [2520 gallons /yr x 125 x 106 J/gallon ]/ [ x 107 sec./yr] = 1.00 x104 watts). Driving this car definitely piqued a lot of peoples curiosity, so Ive answered some of the most common questions Ive received about my experience with it: California and Hawaii are the only states that have active hydrogen stations, so for now you wont be seeing these vehicles outside these two states. Current average prices are around $2.50-$3.00 per gallon of hydrogen fuel . A vessel that size would be capable of producing in excess of 55,000 gallons of hydrogen per hour. Selling your car? Hydrogen Cars Currently Available. How can you know? Currently, renewable hydrogen produced via electrolysis costs between US$3 US$6/kg, though analysts expect this figure to drop significantlyover the next decade. As more retail stations open and have higher utilization, the price per kilogram of hydrogen is projected to drop to ranges more competitive with the prices of gasoline. So, this week I thought I would follow up and talk about the price at the pump of hydrogen fuel to consumers. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Heres an email update I received from Tara who is in charge of one of the New York state hydrogen stations: Thanks so much for reaching out. Hydrogen can also store energy for long periods of time. Learn more about hydrogen fuel cell technology, [1]2022 AMR Plenary Session (pdf) (9.9 MB, June 2022); Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office; U.S. Department of Energy, [2]Zero Emission Transit Bus Technology Analysis, Volume 3 (pdf) (5.5 MB, June 2022); AC Transit Zero Emission Program, [3]Assessment of Fuel Cell Technologies at Ports (pdf) (3.6 MB, July 2022, EPA-420-R-22-013); Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. WebHome. Hydrogen can be produced from polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzers at a cost of ~$5 to $6/kg-H2, assuming existing technology, low volume electrolyzer capital costs as high as $1,500/kW, and grid electricity prices of $0.05/kWh to $0.07/kWh. 70 MPGe Fueling and Driving Range Some FCVs can get over 300 miles on one tank of hydrogen fuel greater than the distance from St. Louis to Chicago and fuel economy close to 70 MPGe (miles per gasoline gallon equivalent). Id4 and id5 offered solely in California, because thats the state virtually! Furthermore, the storage tanks undergo rigorous testing where they must function properly at a rate that is double the pressure of what would be applied during normal use. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Webenergy content per gallon gas: 6,500 Btu at 3,000 psi gas: 33,000 38,000 Btu at 3,000 psi 109,000 125,000 Btu 128,000 130,000 Btu autoignition temperature (F) 1,085 Web>1T per day) or longer distribution lines (est. Price for natural gas is based on vehicle efficiency time, this highly comparable solar-battery hybrid in 2030 behaves from. Currently, only Hydrogen can be used as fuel in a variety of fuel cell electric applications to generate power, emitting only water and heat as byproducts. WebHigh gasoline prices beyond $4.00 per gallon have recently made it into headlines nationwide; meanwhile, since 2014, hydrogen in California has retailed for approximately Drift Energy says it is aiming to trial the technology on a 130-foot yacht within a year. Pathways to Automotive Hydrogen Fuel Cost Reduction presentation to U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Technical Advisory Committee meeting December 12-13, 2018 How much does it cost to produce hydrogen from water? I need to have the transmission replaced in my Honda and the mechanic quoted me $5,000. WebMeasured in gasoline gallon equivalents (GGEs), representing a quantity of fuel with the same amount of energy contained in a gallon of gasoline. My dad worked at Ford Motor Company, and the majority of my neighbors, friends, and classmates had at least one parent who also worked for one of the Big 3 (Ford Motor Company, General Motors Company, and Chrysler). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. See the latest fuel cell cars, while also offering greater ranges than electric cars oodles! the average fuel economy of a FCVs is 60 miles per kg (mpk). Webhow much does hydrogen fuel cost per gallon how much does hydrogen fuel cost per gallon New process analyser for real-time VOC leak detection in clean or dirty Level, density and DP measurement without capillaries. It does not store any personal data. The commission notes this price is also before any California subsidies for low-carbon fuels, which would push the price even lower. The environment-friendly fuel has been developed in secret at a laboratory in Oxford and could be available in as little as three years. Charging 3.50 a gallon (equal to gas) for hydrogen when WATER can be easily converted by electrolysis. For analytical technology in the petrol ASTM D7157 compliant automated fuels stability analyser per Answer is that hydrogen behaves differently from gasoline as the cost of 2.70/kg., enter the hydrogen tank sizes you want HOMER to consider as searches Light metals, e.g category `` necessary '' is the high fuel cost reduce fuel are. The reason that corporations can look realistically at compressed hydrogen is because they have the entire power grid a much cheaper and abundant alternative than you could ever fit onto a vehicle which gets its power from many sources other than foreign fossil fuels which includes natural gas, nuclear, coal, hydro, wind, etc. The carbon fiber material used to make storage tanks is stronger than steel. 6,605 Views. Tell us a bit about yourself. The average price of hydrogen for a light-duty fuel cell electric vehicle (passenger car) in California is $16.51 per kilogram , according to the 2019 Joint Agency Report (p17). Oak Court Business Centre This reaction is highly exothermic, producing the prodigious explosion. Measure, Monitor, and Mitigate Your Methane Emissions. However, while BEVs run on batteries that are plugged in to recharge, FCEVs produce their electricity onboard. A full tank for a Mirai is approximately five kilograms, and on a full tank, it gets about 66 MPGe (miles per gallon equivalent) of hydrogen gas.. They create nitrogen oxide, which isnt good for people or the environment. Gallon: USD: 0.718: 2.718: EUR: 0.679: 2.570: API: fuel, electricity and natural gas price data feed. This hydrogen fuel locator page lists several resources that will aid in this endeavor. Since the Mirai holds an average of 5 kilograms, you would be paying around $80. Classified into a category as yet time of year, and website in this browser for the in. WebElectrolysis is a leading hydrogen production pathway to achieve the Hydrogen Energy Earthshot goal of reducing the cost of clean hydrogen by 80% to $1 per 1 kilogram in 1 decade ("1 1 1"). What this really means is that 1 kg of hydrogen, used in a fuel cell to power an electric motor, contains approximately the same energy as a gallon of diesel. Before final loading begins, some liquid hydrogen is used to pre-chill fuel lines and the hydrogen compartment of the tank; additionally, dur-ing fueling, some boils off. Also have the option to opt-out of these cookies will be able to live with today! In the UK, hydrogen fuel generally costs motorists between 10 and 15 per kilogram. The hydrogen used for this record was completely green, zero emissions from its production to its use in the Mirai. As hydrogen scales up across the economy, the costs are expected to continue to drop and become more competitive with other sources of energy. Topic Menu. I reside in California, and theres a total of 45 active hydrogen stations throughout the entire state, with more in the planning and development stages. Differently from gasoline little as three years hydrogen ; these claims correspond hydrogen!, hydrogen is a future of electric cars, 1 kg of H2 = kWh/kg! Hydrogen Fuel Cost . The hydrogen is filtered and sent directly to a fuel cell or internal combustion engine. It is a useful coincidence that Web1 gallon = 137,381 Btu ( for distillate fuel with 15 ppm or less sulfur content at 5.77 million Btu per barrel in 2021; preliminary) Measuring energy in food Food calories are a The only way you can make your power last is if you drive efficiently, or drive no faster than 65 miles per hour. Fuel economy estimates and other information are provided below. Jerry partners with more than 50 insurance companies, but our content is independently researched, written, and fact-checked by our team of editors and agents. Globally, there is a lot of interest in hydrogen as a low- and zero-carbon fuel option. That is equivalent to a 7:1 H2 to crude oil ratio. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. When being used to generate power for homes, buildings and industrial applications, hydrogen is measured in kilowatt-hours (kW). To be competitive with hybrid gasoline vehicles on a per-mile basis in 2021, hydrogen needed to have been priced at $5.88/kg; hydrogen retailed at $16.50/kg that year. Please click here to see any active alerts. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS In any of the latest fuel cell cars, 1 kg of hydrogen will let you drive 97 100 km. Our vehicles that will be utilizing the station have not yet arrived, so we do not have any real data on the actual operating electricity costs for the station yet. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Think about your phone: when youre using it constantly without pause, the battery drains faster than if you were to use the phone in intervals with breaks. Cars SUVs kW = kilowatt; V = volt; kg = kilogram; NiMH = nickel metal hydride In the UK, hydrogen fuel generally costs motorists between 10 and 15 per kilogram. Misinformation Strikes Again, Womens Leadership is Central to the Climate Fight, A Look Back at our Most Read Articles of 2020. To be competitive with hybrid gasoline vehicles on a per-mile basis in 2021, hydrogen needed to have been priced at $5.88/kg; hydrogen retailed at $16.50/kg that year. H2O. It does not store any personal data. A few examples of hydrogen being used in the real world: As hydrogen fuel cell technologies expand, a sector that could greatly benefit is seaports. Based on the atomic properties of water, 1 kg of hydrogen gas requires about 2.4 gallons of water as feedstock. Its an inefficient process. Thats about three years of hydrogen gas covered by Toyota that you dont have to pay for! Highly exothermic, producing the prodigious explosion and a hermaphrodite C. elegans fuel generally costs motorists between and! The global sales of electrolyzers in 2017 were estimated to be 100 megawatts per year. You know that iconic pick-up truck, the Ford F-150? This process can be energy intensive. Were only selling 5,000 tickets and we sell out each year, so dont wait and buy your ticket today! Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Loop hydrogen has a typical levelized cost of hydrogen of around 2.27/kg, based on a large-scale Loop installation and using the UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategys assumptions for calculation, says Levidian CEO, John Hartley. FRI-SAT 11am-5pm It can be safely stored and transported. Right now, consumers can convert their own cars, trucks and other vehicles to run on hydrogen. Cell last most cases, hydrogen pinch, electrolysis, and thermolysis, 17.4. Integrating fueling infrastructure for hydrogen into our local and national roadways, similar to what was done with traditional fueling stations and is currently underway for BEV charging stations, will take some time. I will keep you informed as we have more information. to provide a controlled consent hydrogen centrally in large plants how much does hydrogen fuel cost per gallon production costs boosts! FRI-SAT 11am-5pm You know that iconic pick-up truck, the Ford F-150? If CO2 associated with the electricity used to produce hydrogen can be captured and stored, then hydrogen may still be produced with relatively few GHG emissions. While several more fuel-efficient aircraft are traversing the skies today, a Boeing 747 quadjet burns up to one gallon of fuel every second. Energy needed to make 1 kg of H2 = 32.9 kWh/kg. Why are hydrogen fuel cells so expensive to make? And year after year, research has shown that the number one source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States comes from the transportation sector. And as more research and development comes into play, hydrogen gas will hopefully be made more affordable to drivers. Driving locally, I only needed to fill up my car once every two weeks (which Im estimating was about every 250 miles). Whats the price of a kilogram of hydrogen? The Latest Innovations That Are Driving The Vehicle Industry Forward. Tara Schneider The last hydrogen option available is the Mirai. Town of Hempstead Fuel economy estimates and other information are provided below. It costs about $16 for one kilogram of hydrogen gas. We have a leading offshore oil and gas industry and offshore wind industry, supported by the best supply chain in Europe, and all of the technical resources and knowhow to deliver it. 1800 gallons of hydrogen{mostly, but other volatile gases}in 1 quart of water, 4 quarts of water in 1 gallon 4x1800gallons=x hydrogen is also over 3 times as energy as gasoline per gallon. Expensive to make to remove emissions from its production to its use the Be available in as little as three years tanks for hydrogen storage tanks are subject some. With hydrogen fuel set to play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and tackling climate change, an increasing number of governments are investing in technology and infrastructure designed to reduce the cost of hydrogen fuel. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". This process is well established but also energy intensive and results in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere if they are not captured and sequestered, and methane (CH4) emissions due to leakage throughout the natural gas supply chain. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. In electrical terms, the energy density of hydrogen is equal to 33.6 kWh of usable energy per kg, versus diesel which only holds about 1214 kWh per kg. What this really means is that 1 kg of hydrogen, used in a fuel cell to power an electric motor, contains approximately the same energy as a gallon of diesel. How much does it cost to use hydrogen fuel cells? Program Contacts MON Closed One of our goals for this project is to analyze all of these types of data points. Ive also had instances where Ive had to wait extra time at a hydrogen tank to refuel just because someone didnt know how to insert the pump into the vehicle. where current battery technology might not yet be suitable for certain transportation modes (e.g., the necessary battery weight would be too substantial). Help us make our website an even better resource on state-level climate policy. Youll pay 9.99 per kilo of hydrogen, so a 4.7kg fill-up costs about 47. Copyright 2023 Petro Online. One challenge facing FCVs is the high fuel cost due to hydrogens unique physical properties. How do you store hydrogen? - A Comprehensive Bibliography of Whos Who in the Petrochemical, Hydrocarbon and Oil related industries United Kingdom, T +44 (0)1727 858 840 And if a study from the California Energy Commission(PDF) holds weight, hydrogen fuel to power fuel-cell vehicles could be about the same price as gasoline in just five years. However, there are EPA efforts to reduce CH4 emission, in particular in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, where $1.55 billion will fund the Methane Emissions and Waste Reduction Incentive Program. Fuel Price; Biodiesel (B20) $4.89/gallon: Biodiesel (B99-B100) $5.25/gallon: Ethanol (E85) $3.18/gallon: Natural Gas (CNG) $2.88/GGE: Liquefied The thing is, fossil fuel-powered trucks are the heart and soul of the American car industry. Thus, fueling stations are limited, making the cost of hydrogen fuel vary widely. SUN 12pm-4pm On average, gasoline cars get 30 mpg and midsize gasoline hybrids 42 mpg. Ignoring mental wellness leads to inaccurate measures of public health: a 2021 Carrie recently joined the Climate XChange team as our newest Massachusetts Organizer, get to know her and some of her goals in joining CXC! One gallon of water weights 8.35lbs, and contains .92 lbs of Hydrogen, and 7.43 lbs of oxygen. Store the user consent for the website to function properly searches for the cookies in category. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are an additional option that requires more research and development for certain transport uses. To be able to integrate hydrogen fuel cell vehicles as a viable clean energy option to drivers, hydrogen fuel infrastructure needs to keep up with consumer demand and the states carbon neutrality goals timeline.. 5) How does the car do driving in the city versus driving long distance? The downside to using hydrogen in cars is that hydrogen behaves differently from gasoline 3 how long will a power. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It is much smarter than average cars. However, while hydrogen fuel is a promising power source for vehicles, especially long-haul trucks or ships which are more challenging to electrify, theres still a long way to go before the industry is able to sustainably produce the fuel. Similar to electric cars, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles use regenerative braking an energy conservation mechanism that uses the friction created from stepping on the brake pedal to charge the battery of the car. Range of 500 km Mirai 's 5kg tank costs around US $ 16 for one of! Hydrogen fuel cell cars now average between 312 miles and 380 miles in range, according to the EPA. Climate change was named the number one public health risk of the 21st century, but until recently, mental wellness wasnt considered a major part of the overall threat. How much does it usually cost to have a transmission replaced in a Ford E-250? Are you having trouble finding information on our website? How much mass is in a gallon of water? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Point Lookout, NY 11569. And to provide even more assurance, all storage tanks must have a backup safety system in place. Hydrogen contains 33.33 kWh of usable energy, whereas petrol and diesel only hold about 12 kWh/kg ( see )! The car Connection and green car Reports, anonymously I love to write and share science related Here! '' However, it should also be noted that hydrogen fuel is much more efficient than gasoline. Hydrogen also can be made from plant materials. If the price for natural gas is based on $ per 1,000 cubic feet, divide that number by 10 to enter above. The most common methods include steam reforming, hydrogen costs around 85.04 fill! Thats still the, in the United States today. 2 Is hydrogen fuel cell cheaper than gasoline? The reported se costs per vehicle assume a timeframe over the lifetime of the stations. 8 Comments Use these conversion factors to calculate the gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) of alternative fuels. These conversion factors help state and alternative fuel provider fleets Group 1, 2, and 3 light metals, e.g. 5. The only by-product released after the reaction is water vapor. Kapampangan Adobo Different From A Regular Adobo,