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Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Agriculture | Free Full-Text | The Role of Smallholder Farming on Rural Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. Soil fertility status and wheat nutrient content in Vertisol cropping [7] Agricultural systems in Ethiopia - ScienceDirect Ethiopia - Socioeconomic Survey 2013-2014 - World Bank Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. Productivity and technology. It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture In this regard, the CSA conducts, produces, disseminates and administers data generated from surveys and censuses in Ethiopia. ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. Agricultural production has been highly dependent on natural resources for centuries [].However, increased human population and other factors have degraded the natural resources in the country thus seriously threatening sustainable agriculture and food security [2, 3]. [7], President Mengistu's 1990 decision to allow free movement of goods, to lift price controls, and to provide farmers with security of tenure was designed to reverse the decline in Ethiopia's agricultural sector. Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. USA.gov|FOIA|Privacy Program|EEO Policy|Disclaimer|Information Quality Guidelines |Accessibility, Official Website of the International Trade Administration, Comply with U.S. and Foreign Export Regulations. Much of the food deficit was covered through food aid. Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. [Pdf] Contribution of Agriculture in The Ethiopian Economy: a Time Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. Ethiopia - Agricultural Sector - International Trade Administration Kassaye Tolassa . There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. The program later facilitated the establishment of similar internationally supported and financed projects at Ada'a Chukala (just south of Addis Ababa), Welamo, and Humera. Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. Source: Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, Total Market Size = (Total Local Production + Total Imports) (Total Exports). See, for example, Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, "National Statistical Abstract. The GOE imposes an export ban on cereal grain and local prices are often higher than what they are on the international market. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. Forestry in Ethiopia - Wikipedia In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. Niger seed is found mostly in the northern and central highlands at elevations between 1,800 and 2,500 meters. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. The process meant not only smaller farms but also the fragmentation of holdings, which were often scattered into small plots to give families land of comparable quality. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.[7]. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). PDF Chapter 33 The Ethiopian manufacturing sector: Productivity - Soderbom Ethiopia Overview: Development news, research, data | World Bank Please see below for the market overview and trade data. Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. The Ethiopian Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Enterprise, which handled about 75 percent of Ethiopia's exports of fruits and vegetables in 198485, had to receive government subsidies because of losses. However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. The report includes the market size, recent trends, industry statistics, and analysis. In addition, some of Ethiopias cash crops show potential for growth and offer possible investment opportunities in areas such as coffee, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables, honey, cut flowers, tea, and spices. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. The Structure and Performance of the Ethiopian Manufacturing Sector [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. Therefore, investment in commercial farming requires considerable due diligence. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". [12], In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[13]. For this to happen, the government will need to guarantee sufficient allocations of foreign exchange. The study aimed to characterize the reproductive performances and physical characteristics of Blackhead Somali indigenous sheep breeds. For the foreseeable future, the demand for cotton is expected to outstrip local supplies, making imports necessary. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. As the textile and apparel industry grows, there will likely be more opportunities for U.S. cotton sales. However, information is lacking in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. PDF SMALL FAMILY FARMS COUNTRY FACTSHEET thiopia - Food and Agriculture [7] Despite government efforts, farmers responded less than enthusiastically. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. Wubne, Mulatu. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. This site contains PDF documents. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). Trade. In early 1989, for example, the price of one kilogram/US$0.58; of coffee was by June it had dropped to US$0.32. The GOE, as part of its Livestock Master Plan (LMP), intends to transform this sector and increase production and exports of meat in order to generate foreign exchange. Second, because peasants faced food shortages, they gave priority to cereal staples to sustain themselves. Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. There also was concern that villagization could have a negative impact on fragile local resources, accelerate the spread of communicable diseases, and increase problems with plant pests and diseases. [7], In 1984 the founding congress of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) emphasized the need for a coordinated strategy based on socialist principles to accelerate agricultural development. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88 . Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . Title. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. [2][3][4] Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. A critical review of rural development policy of Ethiopia: access In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS The Homegrown economic reform plan identified structural and institutional bottlenecks affecting the agricultural sector in Ethiopia. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. The most important oilseed is the indigenous Niger seed (neug), which is grown on 50 percent or more of the area devoted to oilseeds. Approximately 25% of Ethiopia's population depended directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood. Nevertheless, Ethiopia's manufacturing sector is still far from being the engine of growth and structural change. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. [19][20], Sorghum, millet, and corn are cultivated mostly in warmer areas at lower altitudes along the country's western, southwestern, and eastern peripheries. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. Land Degradation in Ethiopia: Causes, Impacts and - IISTE [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. Agron., 16: 180-195. . During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. It is cultivated principally by the Gurage, Sidama, and several other ethnic groups in the region. In addition to its domestic use, sesame is also the principal export oilseed. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. Ethiopia has considerable potential for producing cotton. In addition, the GOE continues to invest heavily in the expansion of the sugar industry, which is slated to be privatized in the near future with the aim of become one of the top ten sugar producers in the world over the next decade. The first, found in areas with relatively good drainage, consists of red-to-reddish-brown clayey loams that hold moisture and are well endowed with needed minerals, with the exception of phosphorus. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. Ethiopia - End-line Survey for the Impact Evaluation of the UN Joint Smallholder Farmers Agricultural Commercialization in Ethiopia: A To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. Grain production is one of the most important sub-sectors in the countrys agriculture-based economy. The agricultural production trends throughout the 1980's up to mid-1990's were characterized by wide fluctuations in total output and weak growth, with grain production increasing at rate of 1.37% annually compared to population growth of 2.9 % (World Bank, 2004). These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic . [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Agricultural products account for . Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. (PDF) Agricultural systems in Ethiopia - Academia.edu Challenges and prospects of agricultural production and productivity - GRIN The plough shaft, beam and ploughshare are made of wood and the sickle, pick axe, plow are made of metal. Brighter Green, 6. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . Taro, yams, and sweet potatoes are commonly grown in the same region as the ensete. Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. In Ethiopia's lowlands, for example, the presence of malaria kept farmers from settling in many areas. Agriculture is one of the best prospect sectors for growth in Ethiopia. Abstract and Figures. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia. Specific Characteristics of Agriculture and the Need to Treat - IATP ", Table D.2. What are the main characteristic of Ethiopian agriculture - ECHEMI As a result, agriculture continued to grow, albeit below the population growth rate. 3. [7] Multinational agribusinesses supply these industrial poultry farms with high yielding breeds, such as Rhode Island Reds and White Leghorns. Foreign Direct Investment Attraction Events, Services for U.S. Companies New to Exporting, Services for U.S. Companies Currently Exporting, Leading Sectors for US Exports & Investments, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Licensing Requirements for Professional Services, Improve income and livelihood options for farming and pastoral communities through increased productivity and competitiveness, Raise export of agricultural output and substitute imports, Make agriculture a viable and profitable enterprise through value addition, Enhance livestock health access and quality, Preserve animal genetic resources and increase pastoral research, Improve the development of animal feed and access to markets, Develop livestock specific extension package for each livestock type.