[21] The first stored-program computers [ edit] Several computers could be considered the first stored-program computer, depending on the criteria. answer choices True Fasle Question 3 30 seconds Q. Chuck Peddle leads a small team of former Motorola employees to build a low-cost microprocessor. He founded Sublogic after graduating from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1977, and released the first version of Flight Simulator for the Apple II in 1979. Promotional shot of the Compaq Deskpro 386s. What is the first step when designing and creating a web page or website? At its introduction, it was listed as the second fastest supercomputer in the world and this single system increased NASA's supercomputing capacity 10-fold. Among the lecturers were early computer designers like John von Neumann, Howard Aiken, J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, as well as mathematicians including Derrick Lehmer, George Stibitz, and Douglas Hartree. The first of several personal computers released in 1977, the PET comes fully assembled with either 4 or 8 KB of memory, a built-in cassette tape drive, and a membrane keyboard. The first microcomputer was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. Designed by John V. Blankenbaker using standard medium-- and small-scale integrated circuits, the Kenbak-1 relied on switches for input and lights for output from its 256-byte memory. microcomputer: A microcomputer is a complete computer on a smaller scale and is generally a synonym for the more common term, personal computer or PC , a computer designed for an individual. It used a MOS Technologies 6502 microprocessor running at 1 MHz. In 1939, Bell Telephone Laboratories completes this calculator, designed by scientist George Stibitz. Demand called for more than 12,000 of the 1401 computers, and the machines success made a strong case for using general-purpose computers rather than specialized systems. This very small home computer is available in the UK as a kit for 79 or pre-assembled for 99. The Univac 1 is the first commercial computer to attract widespread public attention. Which of the following is an online course characteristic that supports success? IBM establishes the 650 as its first mass-produced computer, with the company selling 450 in just one year. It was built in Washington DC as a test-bed for evaluating components and systems as well as for setting computer standards. Microcomputer - Wikipedia Dollars. Microsoft founded - HISTORY Later revisions used the Z80 processor, which is the model pictured above that [The Byte . The kit was the cover story of hobbyist magazine Radio-Electronics in July 1974 six months before the MITS Altair 8800 was in rival Popular Electronics magazine. Upgrade to Quizlet Plus to study with no ads, offline access and even more premium features, like image uploading and scanning to create sets. Cameras would become a significant part of most phones within a year, and several countries have even passed laws regulating their use. The LINC was later commercialized by DEC and sold as the LINC-8. In October 1961, the Navy tested the NTDS on the USS Oriskany carrier and the USS King and USS Mahan frigates. MOS 6502 ad from IEEE Computer, Sept. 1975. By the early 1990s, Dell became one of the leading computer retailers. The 400 served primarily as a game console, while the 800 was more of a home computer. It was originally created for a nuclear missile design project in 1949 by a team led by Fred Steele. If a student is creating within Minecraft or Sims, what type of computer programming products are they designing and making? Subject. It interfaced with a wide number of standard laboratory instruments, allowing customers to computerize their instrument systems. Stibitz stunned the group by performing calculations remotely on the CNC (located in New York City) using a Teletype terminal connected to New York over special telephone lines. Powerful microcomputers developed for use by commercial, educational and government enterprises are called ____. What do sites such as edshelf, Learning List, What Works Clearinghouse, EdSurge Product Index, and Common Sense Education help teachers with? Initially, Franklin won a court victory allowing them to continue cloning the machines, but in 1988, Apple won a copyright lawsuit against Franklin, forcing them to stop making Apple II clones.. The fastest machine of its day, The Cray-1's speed comes partly from its shape, a "C," which reduces the length of wires and thus the time signals need to travel across them. The world's first scanned image was made on SEAC by engineer Russell Kirsch in 1957. FTCE Physical Education Certification Exam, Alan S. Willsky, Alan V. Oppenheim, Hamid Nawab, Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics and Dynamics, Brian Self, David Mazurek, E. Russell Johnston, Ferdinand Beer, Phillip Cornwell, 3.8.1 - Strategic direction: choosing which m, BCPS 2018: Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. While it did not sell well, the operating system, Be OS, retained a loyal following even after Be stopped producing hardware in 1997 after less than 2,000 machines were produced. Before its decommissioning in 1952, the SSEC produced the moon position tables used in early planning of the 1969 Apollo XII moon landing. Northrop was initially reluctant to make MADDIDA a commercial product, but by the end of 1952, six had sold. Because of its electronic, as opposed to electromechanical, technology, it is over 1,000 times faster than any previous computer. Answers: Convert data into an electronic machine-readable form for direct entry into a computer system. Computer-enhanced image of IBMs Roadrunner. most important part of computer. IBMs 7000 series of mainframe computers are the companys first to use transistors. The ad featured the destruction of Big Brother a veiled reference to IBM -- through the power of personal computing found in a Macintosh. Created almost five years after the original Apple II, Franklin's Ace 1000 main logic board is nearly identical to that in the Apple II+ computer, and other models were later cloned as well. On April 7, IBM announced five models of System/360, spanning a 50-to-1 performance range. Applications were also highly innovative: a WYSISYG word processor known as Bravo, a paint program, a graphics editor, and email for example. spreadsheet What is the function of an IEP generator? It used 53 vacuum tubes and hundreds of germanium diodes, with a magnetic drum for memory. For its January issue, hobbyist magazine Popular Electronics runs a cover story of a new computer kit the Altair 8800. ____ operating systems are typically used for a network platform. Which of the following is not one of the kinds of interaction that Moore said characterized online courses? One biblical scholar even used a Univac 1 to compile a concordance to the King James version of the Bible. Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet IBMs first personal computer, the system was designed to run the APL programming language in a compact, briefcase-like enclosure which comprised a keyboard, CRT display, and cassette tape storage. Three types of the M3 were available two types that measured either temperature or pressure and one that could take images. At a cost to computer makers of roughly $700, the ASR-33 Teletype is originally designed as a low cost terminal for the Western Union communications network. The TX-0 (Transistor eXperimental - 0) is the first general-purpose programmable computer built with transistors. Which of the following is not a significant challenge in regard to assessing students who are English language learners (ELLs)? During the 1980s and early 1990s, ____ was the dominant operating system for microcomputers. any combo of hardware or software designed to provide services to us. What type of web-based creation is produced when a teacher has art students sketchnoting about a visiting artist's lecture? Based on ideas from Alan Turing, Britains Pilot ACE computer is constructed at the National Physical Laboratory. Which of the following has research shown to be a benefit of online learning? Leaving Palm Inc., Ed Colligan, Donna Dubinsky, and Jeff Hawkins found Handspring. The Mark 1 produced mathematical tables but was soon superseded by electronic stored-program computers. The touchscreen enabled smartphone also had built-in GPS navigation, high-definition camera, texting, calendar, voice dictation, and weather reports. These tables were later confirmed by using more modern computers for the actual flights. The Canadian Chalk River Nuclear Lab needed a special device to monitor a reactor. It could also share files and print out documents on an advanced Xerox laser printer. Apple's Macintosh Portable meets with little success in the marketplace and leads to a complete redesign of Apple's line of portable computers. Conceived by Harvard physics professor Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark 1 is a room-sized, relay-based calculator. In 1975, Scelbi introduced the 8B version with 16 KB of memory for the business market. The first offering to the public required the buyer to purchase one to be given to a child in the developing world as a condition of acquiring a machine for themselves. The machine had a fifty-foot long camshaft running the length of machine that synchronized the machines thousands of component parts and used 3,500 relays. There is an inconsistency between states in the classification of ELL students. It was the first microcomputer to sell in large numbers. It had no operating system, but it did recognize commands entered via a row of switches. Foremost among its developments was Forresters perfection of magnetic core memory, which became the dominant form of high-speed random access memory for computers until the mid-1970s. That same year in Germany, engineer Konrad Zuse built his Z2 computer, also using telephone company relays. Airline reservation agents working with SABRE. Remington Rand eventually sold 46 Univac 1s at more than $1 million each. Total Cards. the _____ screen is the first screen displayed. The keyboard was comprised of three roughly triangular interlocking pieces, which formed a full-sized keyboard when the laptop was opened -- resulting in a keyboard significantly wider than the case. Many innovative programs were created for Johnniac, including the time-sharing system JOSS that allowed many users to simultaneously access the machine. Apps, games, and accessories helped spur the popularity of the iPad and led to its adoption in thousands of different applications from movie making, creating art, making music, inventory control and point-of-sale systems, to name but a few. Mark-8 featured on Radio-Electronics July 1974 cover. Updates called _____ contain fixes and enhancements to the operating system. How to Get Started Collecting Microcomputers - MUO Customers included US military as well as industry. Japan's SoftBank introduces the first camera phone, the J-Phone J-SH04; a Sharp-manufactured digital phone with integrated camera. The Moore School Building at the University of Pennsylvania. Colossus reduced the time to break Lorenz messages from weeks to hours. server. The first VAIO, a desktop computer, featured an additional 3D interface on top of the Windows 95 operating system as a way of attracting new users. The first practical stored-program computer to provide a regular computing service, EDSAC is built at Cambridge University using vacuum tubes and mercury delay lines for memory. It was also one of the first computers to use all-diode logic, a technology more reliable than vacuum tubes. In 1987, the year after Microsoft went public, 31-year-old Gates became the world's youngest billionaire. See Answer. The 6502 and its progeny are still used today, usually in embedded applications. Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the ASR-33 was a popular and inexpensive choice of input and output device for minicomputers and many of the first generation of microcomputers. Reduced instruction set computers (RISC) grow out of the observation that the simplest 20 percent of a computers instruction set does 80 percent of the work. Until recently, good microcomputer software for multimedia presentations was not available, but was much in demand by businesses. A large parallel processing computer, the ILLIAC IV does not operate until 1972. Lisa is the first commercial personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). Plans for the Mark-8 cost $5 and the blank circuit boards were available for $50. Commodore even used Star Trek television star William Shatner in advertisements. A driver education teacher might use this kind of software to let students "practice" driving before actually getting in a car. The roots of the companys name came from the acronym for Stanford University Network (SUN). Many of the 1101s basic architectural details were used again in later Remington-Rand computers until the 1960s. It was the world's first commercial 16-bit minicomputer and 172 systems were sold. Microsoft Apps So in 1971, Starkweather transferred to Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), away from corporate oversight. A consortium of aerospace, energy, and marine science agencies undertook the project, and the system was built by NEC around their SX-6 architecture. What is a distinguishing feature of instructional software? . The Johnniac computer is one of 17 computers that followed the basic design of Princeton's Institute of Advanced Study (IAS) computer. A joint project of Englands Manchester University, Ferranti Computers, and Plessey, Atlas comes online nine years after Manchesters computer lab begins exploring transistor technology. Wilkes' ideas grew out of the Moore School lectures he had attended three years earlier. Apollo and its main competitor, Sun Microsystems, optimized their machines to run the computer-intensive graphics programs common in engineering and scientific applications. The Alpha processor designs were eventually acquired by Compaq, which, along with Intel, phased out the Alpha architecture in favor of the HP/Itanium microprocessor. David Packard and Bill Hewlett found their company in a Palo Alto, California garage. The system was kept at NASA Ames Research Center until 2013, when it was removed to make way for two new supercomputers. Named in honor of the space shuttle which broke-up on re-entry, the Columbia supercomputer is an important part of NASA's return to manned spaceflight after the 2003 disaster. Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in 1980. The title of first commercially available general-purpose computer probably goes to Britains Ferranti Mark I for its sale of its first Mark I computer to Manchester University. ex..pentium, celeron, athlon. The Motorola 68000 microprocessor exhibited a processing speed far greater than its contemporaries. Used for science and engineering as well as simple data processing, the LGP-30 was a bargain at less than $50,000 and an early example of a personal computer, that is, a computer made for a single user. In 1979, Truong sold R2E to Bull. Solved Until recently, good microcomputer software for - Chegg Led by curator Doron Swade the team built Babbages machine in six years, using techniques that would have been available to Babbage at the time, proving that Babbages design was accurate and that it could have been built in his day. What can be accomplished by using the Quality Matters standards and the Rubric for Assessing Interactive Quality? Computer Chp. 1&2 Flashcards Later, Sun Microsystems, founded as a spin-off of a student project at Stanford University, also began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in 1982. Based on the Intel 8008 microprocessor, the Micral is one of the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computers. Featuring the first graphical user interface (GUI) for IBM -compatible PCs, the Windows OS soon dominated the PC market. It was one of the first commercially available relational database management systems for microcomputers. Micral Computer: Everything You Need To Know What do research studies tend to confirm about online learning? Doug Ross wrote a memo advocating direct access in February. Which of the following is not a quality to look for in well-developed tutorial software? The Apple Newton Personal Digital Assistant. The PowerBook line of computers was discontinued in 2006. Developed by the Japanese government to create global climate models, the Earth Simulator is a massively parallel, vector-based system that costs nearly 60 billion yen (roughly $600 million at the time). The Nest Learning Thermostat is an early product made for the emerging Internet of Things, which envisages a world in which common everyday devices have network connectivity and can exchange information or be controlled. Both faced strong competition from the Apple II, Commodore PET, and TRS-80 computers. The TRS-80 line of computers later included color, portable, and handheld versions before being discontinued in the early 1990s. The 386 chip brought with it the introduction of a 32-bit architecture, a significant improvement over the 16-bit architecture of previous microprocessors. The TV Typewriter was used by many small television stations well in the 1990s. Designed by British engineer Tommy Flowers, the Colossus is designed to break the complex Lorenz ciphers used by the Nazis during World War II. It was believed that ENIAC had done more calculation over the ten years it was in operation than all of humanity had until that time. That goes back thousands of years, of course, and you can guess how they did it. About 50,000 were sold in Britain, primarily to hobbyists, and initially there was a long waiting list for the system. Definition. Incorporating a version of Apple's iOS operating system, as well as sensors for environmental and health monitoring, the Apple Watch was designed to be incorporated into the Apple environment with compatibility with iPhones and Mac Books. Performing far better than the company projections of 3,000 units for the first year, in the first month after its release Tandy Radio Shacks first desktop computer the TRS-80 sells 10,000 units. The knowledge and technologies developed for the Stretch project played a major role in the design, management, and manufacture of the later IBM System/360--the most successful computer family in IBM history. Millions of Apple IIs were sold between 1977 and 1993, making it one of the longest-lived lines of personal computers. Advertised as the first 100% IBM PC-compatible computer, the Compaq Portable can run the same software as the IBM PC. What can both teachers and students create to make a visual record their skill development over time? With a peak speed of over a petaflop (one thousand trillion calculations per second), the Tianhe 1 (translation: Milky Way 1) is developed by the Chinese National University of Defense Technology using Intel Xeon processors combined with AMD graphic processing units (GPUs). Federico Faggin led the design and Ted Hoff led the architecture. During World War II, the US Navy approaches the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) about building a flight simulator to train bomber crews. The 501 is built on a 'building block' concept which allows it to be highly flexible for many different uses and could simultaneously control up to 63 tape drivesvery useful for large databases of information. The 48-bit machine used 92 point-contact transistors and 550 diodes. Produce results (output) 4. The astronauts were responsible for entering more than 10,000 commands into the AGC for each trip between Earth and the Moon. The air defense system used two AN/FSQ-7 computers, each of which used a full megawatt of power to drive its 55,000 vacuum tubes, 175,000 diodes and 13,000 transistors. The Zilog Z-80 could run any program written for the 8080 and included twice as many built-in machine instructions. It was designed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory engineer Wesley Clark. (C) The Regent Corporation's microcomputer can be used in conjunction with higher-priced microcomputers manufactured by other companies. Gates and Allen started Microsoftoriginally called Micro-Soft, for microprocessors and. The 701 introduction also marked the beginning of IBMs entry into the large-scale computer market, a market it came to dominate in later decades. mainframe computer. The most ambitious massively parallel computer at the time, the ILLIAC IV was plagued with design and production problems. H. Edward Roberts, the Florida-born former U.S. Air Force officer who headed MITS, decided to design a small, affordable computer around the Intel 8080. high interaction between students and the teacher. Scelbi aimed the 8H, available both in kit form and fully assembled, at scientific, electronic, and biological applications. Many credit the PS/2 for making the 3.5-inch floppy disk drive and video graphics array (VGA) standard for IBM computers. Palm could be connected to a PC or Mac using a serial port to synchronize sync both computer and Palm. There are many stand-alone utility programs available as an alternative to the operating system'sutility programs. The company sold about 200 machines, losing $500 per unit. After the war, Herzstarks Curta made history as the smallest all-mechanical, four-function calculator ever built. Simon featured on the November 1950 Scientific American cover, The hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics publishes Edmund Berkeley's design for the Simon 1 relay computer from 1950 to 1951. What software is useful to illustrate a numerical concept such as the difference between electoral votes and popular votes? In October 2013, the one millionth Raspberry Pi was shipped. The HP-35 helped HP become one of the most dominant companies in the handheld calculator market for more than two decades. Typically, computer users of the time fed their programs into a computer using punched cards or paper tape. Apollo was a leading innovator in the workstation field for more than a decade, and was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 1989. The British Broadcasting Corporations Computer Literacy Project hoped to introduce interested adults to the world of computers. Acorn produces a popular computer, the BBC Microcomputer System, so viewers at home could follow along on their own home computers as they watched the program. Marketed as a fast, extremely accurate electronic slide rule with a solid-state memory similar to that of a computer, the HP-35 distinguished itself from its competitors by its ability to perform a broad variety of logarithmic and trigonometric functions, to store more intermediate solutions for later use, and to accept and display entries in a form similar to standard scientific notation. The LINC is an early and important example of a personal computer, that is, a computer designed for only one user. The first Kindle featured wireless access to content via Amazon.com, along with an SD card slot allowing increased storage. Let us call it Simon, because of its predecessor, Simple Simon Simon is so simple and so small in fact that it could be built to fill up less space than a grocery-store box; about four cubic feet.. It was widely used in DEC's workstations and servers, as well as several supercomputers like the Chinese Sunway Blue Light system, and the Swiss Gigabooster. At 4 million operations per second and 4 kilobytes of memory, the 80386 gave PCs as much speed and power as older mainframes and minicomputers. The US Navy Tactical Data System uses computers to integrate and display shipboard radar, sonar and communications data. Apple introduces the Macintosh with a television commercial during the 1984 Super Bowl, which plays on the theme of totalitarianism in George Orwells book 1984. It would serve as the model for several other significant multi-processor systems that would be among the fastest in the world. What kind of software tool are Notebook and ActivInspire examples of? 2.4 trillion. When Was the First Computer Invented? - Computer Hope's Free Computer Help -The Massive Open Online Course (M O O C). The Pentium is the fifth generation of the x86 line of microprocessors from Intel, the basis for the IBM PC and its clones. Motes are also known as smart dust, since the intention is that their tiny size and low cost make them inexpensive enough to sprinkle in the real world to as sensors. Initially designed for internal use by HP employees, co-founder Bill Hewlett issues a challenge to his engineers in 1971: fit all of the features of their desktop scientific calculator into a package small enough for his shirt pocket. Built by a team led by engineers Frederick Williams and Tom Kilburn, the Mark I serves as the prototype for Ferrantis first computer the Ferranti Mark 1. The Nova line of computers continued through the 1970s, and influenced later systems like the Xerox Alto and Apple 1. What feature of modern productivity tools makes it possible for files created in one software product to be opened in another software product? Daniel Hillis of Thinking Machines Corporation moves artificial intelligence a step forward when he develops the controversial concept of massive parallelism in the Connection Machine CM-1. Manipulate the data according to specific rules (process) 3. Designed by Sunnyvale, California native Steve Wozniak, and marketed by his friend Steve Jobs, the Apple-1 is a single-board computer for hobbyists. What type of web-based creation is produced when students submit their written or artistic products to a website? An early transistorized computer, the NEAC (Nippon Electric Automatic Computer) includes a CPU, console, paper tape reader and punch, printer and magnetic tape units. It has pre-programmed curricular material. Sun Microsystems grows out of this prototype. The Nest would remember what temperature users preferred by training itself to monitor daily use patterns for a few days then adopting that pattern as its new way of controlling home temperature. The popularity of 16-bit computers, such as the Hewlett-Packard 21xx series and the Data General Nova, led the way toward word lengths that were multiples of the 8-bit byte. The basic computer cost $28,500. What is a key technological infrastructure resource for online teaching? The Nest allowed for remote access to a users homes thermostat by using a smartphone or tablet and could also send monthly power consumption reports to help save on energy bills. After successfully demonstrating a proof-of-concept prototype in 1939, Professor John Vincent Atanasoff receives funds to build a full-scale machine at Iowa State College (now University). SABRE is a joint project between American Airlines and IBM. The computer he created, an all-black cube was an important innovation. Its price was especially attractive as the computer included very useful productivity software worth about $1,500 alone. Which software was the first available for microcomputers? Each Cray-1 took a full year to assemble and test and cost about $10 million.