[58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. With the capture and execution of Carbo, who had fled Sicily for Egypt, both consuls for 82BC were now dead. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. The Black Death: The Plague, 1331-1770 - University of Iowa During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, Atellan farces, a kind of crude comedy. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. The faculty and students of the Hanover College History Department initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project in 1995, at a time when few primary sources were available outside of published anthologies. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career. In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death). The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. From 133BC and the start of Tiberius Gracchus' land reforms, Italian communities were displaced from de jure Roman public lands over which no title had been enforced for generations. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . They had, however, fallen on hard times. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE) was a ruthless military commander, who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius.His relationship with Marius soured during the conflicts that would follow and lead to a rivalry which would only end with Marius' death.Sulla eventually seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his . [127] In the north at the same time, Norbanus was defeated and fled for Rhodes, where he eventually committed suicide. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. 1963), and Stewart Perowne, Death of the Roman Republic: From 146 B.C. Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. What Is a Primary Source? [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies". Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. [139][140], Sulla's goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. Ancient Historians of Roman History - ThoughtCo Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. Biographies of historical and famous people. No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. Internet History Sourcebooks Project - Fordham University Primary Sources - An Introductory Guide - Seton Hall University The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. [27], When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. Categories . If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. sulla primary sources. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. For now, Cinna and the Marian political faction would have to wait, but revenge would prove far deadlier than anything that had come before it. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. Sulla and the proscriptions Lucius Cornelius Sulla was consul in 88 BC (and again in 80 BC) and dictator from 82 to 79 BC. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. Guide. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". Sulla, in full Lucius Cornelius Sulla or later Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, (born 138 bcedied 79 bce, Puteoli [Pozzuoli, near Naples, Italy]), victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history (88-82 bce) and subsequently dictator (82-79), who carried out notable constitutional reforms in an attempt to strengthen the Roman Republic during the last century of its existence. [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence. What is a Primary Source? - Library Research Guide for the History of [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (l. 138 - 78 BCE) enacted his constitutional reforms (81 BCE) as dictator to strengthen the Roman Senate's power. Church and W. J. Brodribb. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. Click the title for location and availability information. Some of these historians lived at the time of the events, and therefore, may actually be primary sources, but others, especially Plutarch (CE 45-125), who covers men from multiple eras, lived later than the events they describe. He used his powers to purge his opponents, and reform Roman constitutional laws, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the tribunes of the plebs. The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. [16] His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla' stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions. . Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. Primary Sources - Research Guides at Library of Congress Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. Marius was elected consul and, through assignment by tribunician legislation, took over the campaign. [18] Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Romes comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. 719-549-2333. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. Ozzy Osbourne Grandchildren, Dalton Smith Pogo Stick, Best Basketball Camps In Ontario, Rinnai R53i Parts Diagram, Mennonite Vs Amish Vs Mormon, [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. Types of Sources and Where to Find Them: Primary Sources [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori: chi [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. sulla primary sources The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all .
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